William Paleys Philosophy Argument of Gods Existence

Paley’s argument for God’s existence is a substantial work. The argument is based on multiple points because the philosopher tried to answer to all possible criticisms to his ideas. Paley’s work contains multiple objections and counter-arguments defending the philosopher’s way of thinking.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his work, Paley uses a teleological argument based on the watchmaker analogy. The philosopher compares the creator to a watchmaker and states that the presence of design proves the existence of a designer, although some of his ideas and statements fail to pass a logical approach. The teleological argument stands for the statement that is based on the observations of the outer world and nature. In the very beginning of his, work, Paley compares two situations. I n the first case, a person in the forest finds a stone, and in the second one, a person finds a watch on the ground. In both cases, the finder wonders where the object came from. In the case with a stone, the man believes that it could have been lying there forever, whereas in the case with a watch Paley notes that a person would never assume that the watch came from nowhere or was a part of the surroundings. The philosopher describes the mechanism and constituents of a watch in detail to prove that witnessing such complexity and balanced work of many pieces of various shapes and materials would make the finder think that the watch was created by intelligent thought. Paley states that the finder does not need to know how to make a watch, or how it works, he does not need to know the watchmaker to believe that the complex design of the watch has a purpose and was built by someone. This belief would not change even if the watch did not work properly, or if the finder detected a detail that was unnecessary, or if the finder did not know the purpose of the mechanism. Paley emphasizes that the complexity is what makes the watch different from a stone, it makes the person who found it wonder where it came from and assume that the mechanism has a purpose and was made by an intelligent force.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The philosopher also notes that there is no power that could have made such mechanism apart from an intelligent creator and that the finder holding a watch in their hand would never assume that this complicated object could have been assembled by itself or by some intrinsic principle of order. Paley states that one cannot say that laws of nature are causes of anything, because laws assume power and power assumes an agent that uses it. In the next part of his argument, Paley asks the readers to imagine that the watch found in the forest has a mi raculous ability to reproduce itself. The philosopher assumes that if the watch was impressive for the finder before this new quality was discovered, it means that its discovery would add another reason for the finder to believe that the watch was made by an intelligent creator. Paley believes that a random combination of physical forms could not be considered a cause of a purposeful watch. The philosopher bases this statement on the fact that no one ever witnessed anything like that assembling by itself under the influence of the principle of order. Paley adds that even if the principle of order was the cause of the existence of a mechanism that can reproduce itself, this would not make his argument weaker, on the contrary, this would mean that the intelligent creator standing behind it all is incredibly skilled. The fact that the watch can reproduce itself adds complexity to this object and strengthens the finder’s expectation that the watch has a maker. Besides, the fact t hat the watch can re-create itself does not change the belief that the design implies a designer. Even if there is a chain of self-reproducing watches, this chain cannot be infinite. This leaves the finder with the initial question about the maker of the very first watch. Paley concludes that the design comes from some intelligent source, the creator. To my mind, the strength of Paley’s argument is the fact that it appeals to the typical for humans way of thinking that is based on the unstoppable search for laws and connections between the things around us. People’s attempt to systematize and organize the world around according to certain rules, laws, and similarities is our way of cognition. Paley’s argument is an attempt to rationalize an unexplainable idea of the initial creation using analogy with something more familiar to a human mind. This argument seems quite logical until the reader starts wondering if the author’s assumptions are correct. For ex ample, on what basis does Paley suppose that a person that found a complex device such as a watch in the forest would assume that this object had a creator?Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To know that for sure the scientists have to conduct and experiment by taking a person and presenting them to an unexpected finding. After that, they will see what kind of assumptions this person would make about the object. Besides, I think that these assumptions would also differ depending on the kind of finder that is selected. For example, a modern person familiar with high technologies is most likely to assume that a complex mechanism was made by an intelligent creator, given that the mechanism looks like a mechanism, but not like a stone. At the same time, if the finder is, for example, a tribal dweller of a hill so mewhere in Africa or Asia that has never seen a watch or any other mechanism before it will be very hard to predict what kind of assumptions this person would make. One of the most popular objections to Paley’s work could be the imperfection of the creation as proof of the absence of excellent design and a designer. Paley thought this through and noticed that the presence of unnecessary detail in a watch does not deny the presence of the watchmaker. To my mind, the observation of nature is useful for the cognition of the outer world only when a person can experiment with the object of the study and examine it. The theoretical guesses based on observation of nature can be considered the truth only when there are scientific proofs of these theories and assumptions. Paley’s argument is built on a chain of groundless assumptions and general statements and any facts do not support it. The philosopher describes only one of the possible scenarios, which could happen if a man found a watch on the ground, and assumes that this is the only possible scenario. I think that observation without a scientific experiment is ineffective and confusing; to state something, we need more information than just our observations. Information is gained empirically. Observations alone can give us hypotheses, but not facts. To my mind, one cannot tell if God exists through observations of nature only. This term paper on William Paley’s Philosophy Argument of God’s Existence was written and submitted by user TheCapta1n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essays

Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essays Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essay Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essay In my point of position, it is inevitable that persons ever have their ain bounds to exceed, for those precisely are the real-selves and human nature. No 1 s perfect and nil s the lone pick. I was been taught to separate between the good people and bad people since I was a kid, turning up bit by bit, I realize that there is no restrict boundary line or criterion to justice people. No affair the one is ugly or beautiful, looked nice or shabby. I know that the visual aspect of persons can non be tantamount to who are they, what we saw sometimes is non what truly is. Though, these rules and principles are rather sensible and persuading, there is still acquiring opportunities to be self-asserting and judgmental towards person. Possibly people merely experience bad about certain specific group out of inherent aptitude for some grounds are difficult to be cognizant of. But as a possible societal worker, I need to research more about myself and calculate out how to get by with the failings in human nature through insistent pattern and to a individual with the minimal bias and judgement every bit less as possible. 1 the ground why I choose MSW The Social Work had non been a really clear construct until I decided to use for this major of the University of Hong Kong, for I was majored in the Public Affairs Management of the undergraduate schooling. At that clip, a general thought came to my head that the Social Work is specialized in the concrete affairs. It is besides the ground why I choose this major for I hope to larn the practical accomplishments instead than the abstract and practical academic cognition. However, there has been a concern bing in my bosom that I am afraid what if I can non make anything to those who are seeking aid and aid, though I know it is merely because my old major are rather irrelevant the current one which make me a small spot nervous, for I am the sort of individual that if I feel I am non qualified to assist people so I will non prematurely offer aid. So I need to be well-equipped myself in order to assist people readily at any clip. I think the biennial Master of Social Work plan is besides a journey for me to make the self-exploration. I am an ordinary individual with defects in personality, but I hope to better myself through the graduate student. 2 The impeditive factor from the past experience In the sphere of societal work pattern, it can be imagined that we as the possible societal worker will take assorted instances and confront with different sorts of clients. And I deem that we will non hold excessively much right to take which client we will cover with. In my positions, I think I need to develop myself to be a qualified societal worker with a wide head and high credence and tolerance. After contemplation, I think the clients who looked fierce and barbarous might arouse images of my past experiences, particularly my childhood experience. I was a really diffident and timid when I was a kid. After reexamining my yesteryear, I deem that there are two grounds lending to my cowardice. The deep ground is the over-protection from my household members. Because my female parent gave birth of me about in dystocia, I ever got illness for the non good physical quality. Therefore, all of my households and relations particularly took attention of me. Particularly my parents hardly allowed me to play with other kids after dinner, for they thought I was vulnerable easy to acquire injury, which contributed me to a quite speechless and a coward kid at that clip. I frequently could non show my feelings good. For illustration, I hardly talked back or defended for myself when the other kindergarten schoolmates bullied me. For this ground, I stilled remembered my female parent taught me many clip to protect myself. But I still did non alter a spot in my childhood. And there is a piece of panicky memory in my childhood. It was a lingering memory that I was about kidnapped at 3 old ages old and a half. In the anteroom of a local infirmary, my female parent put my down and she went to bring the medical specialties, a alien merely keep me in his weaponries when I was waiting for my female parent and intended to take me off, coincidentally meeting my uncle who was traveling to hospital to take us place around the gate of the infirmary. I did non retrieve the exact expression of that alien but a really barbarous image in my head. Since so I was highly afraid of people with ferocious and fierce expression and hardly daring to speak to the 1s with that expression. 3 The analysis of the Social Work Practice position Though now I am a grown-up with critical thought and rational judgement, I can command my fright when confronting with such sort of individual. Sometimes I feel that there is still a spread between myself and the feeling of that sort of individual, and I still seek to maintain distance with those sorts of people. Therefore, it is necessary to happen out the possible influence on the future societal work pattern. After reexamining some books and articles, I think my fright about specific group would perchance trip the countertransference in the future societal work pattern. At one manus, I know the fright of the expression like barbarous client is bing in my head ; one the other manus, I hope I still can supply efficient aid to him/her, and I do non desire my pervious experience to impede the intercession procedure. Sometimes, I am even doubted whether it is merely an alibi for me to entree something new. This self-inconsistency is what I am disquieted about. First, I need to calculate out what is countertransference. The proficient term of countertransference was first clip mentioned in 1910 by Freud ( Gelso A ; Hayes, 1998 ) . He thought that the countertransference is happened during the therapy session, because of the patient s influence on the healer, the profession might respond unsuitably against the professional demand Reich ( 1951 ) subdivided the countertransference into two types: the chronic and the ague . The former is based on the personal features which have the cardinal influence on the human behaviours ; the latter will perchance go on on the status that facing with the specific client in some specific circumstance. Contemporarily, mentioning to Bouchand, Normandin and Seguin, there are three types of countertransference: 1 ) Objective-rational countertransference as the impersonal type ; 2 ) Reactive countertransference as the conflictive 1 ( something about the client might remind the societal worker of non good p ast experience ) ; 3 ) Brooding countertransference as the positive 1 ( will actuate the societal worker to hold deeper penetration into the client ) ( 1995 ) .The modern-day positions the countertransference from professions reactions to clients related to one s present/ yesteryear experiences or the features of clients ( James, 2008 ; Knight, 2006 ; Nichols, 2006 ) . In my position, the countertransference can be summarized as the ineluctable overt or covert reactions from the societal worker triggered by some characteristic or experience of the clients, during the innovation procedure or realized by societal workers themselves, and the implicit in ground for the reactions is the unresolved issues of the societal worker. Second, the possible effects of the countertransference can be positive for the societal worker every bit good as the clients. The countertransference plays an of import and influential function in the psychotherapeutics. Every coin has two sides, if the societal worker can take the advantage of the countertransference, so the therapy procedure will be more good for the client on the ground that the societal worker will give more energy and clip on behalf of the client. In the visible radiation of the basic cognition of the Social Work and the counsel of the Code of Practice for Registered Social Worker from NASW, some societal workers can acquire an consciousness of the emotional or feeling reactions towards the certain clients, so if they start to review the implicit in reason-their yesteryear experiences, it will be non merely a good opportunity for the societal worker to cognize herself/himself better and decide the past issues but besides provide more efficient assist the client s from the deep penetration of the contemplation. 4 Personal program of get bying with countertransference 4.1 Coping with fright Harmonizing to the typical professional countertransference reactions summarized by Knight ( 2006 ) and Etherington ( 2002 ) , my state of affairs is rather similar to the disliking certain types of clients ( Papalia, 2009 ) . For my instance, I think my internal feeing is fear for those looked barbarous people and I might transpirate with some covert disfavors if facing them. It can be seen that my fright stems straight from the first feeling. Based on the feeling, it is prone to do anticipation or expectancy of the people I first clip meet with. Therefore, foremost, I should to larn to avoid the primacy consequence by giving the psychological suggestion to myself like He/she is merely a client non precisely a bad individual ; I should be professional and so on , merely like a self-talk, with several times of deep breath, which will assist me clam down. Second, happening something in common can alleviate the fright. When you undertake a high-stakes anticipation, maintain looki ng until you find some common land, something you portion with the individual whose behaviours you seek to foretell -this will assist you see the state of affairs as he perceives it. 4.2 Making the regular self-contemplation Though life in a metropolis with rapid life pacing, there is still indispensible to squash clip for myself and believe about what I have been through. In my positions, I can do the self-contemplation through 3 different ways, foremost is the self-reflection, affecting an analytical gestural duologue with myself in order to detect and screen out the beginnings of feelings and perceptual experiences. Everyday, a period of clip is required to do retrospection and self-introspection, which I think it is a good manner to develop myself holding a peaceable head. For case, I have a ready to hand notepad, really I have already written out a twosome of them of thoughts or short journals since the first twelvemonth in senior high school. Now I non merely necessitate to compose what I am believing about but besides make some analytical thought on what I have expressed on the journals. Second, communicating with close friends and relations is besides a good channel to cognize myself better. Mere ly as the old stating bystander is ever clear-minded , I would wish to speak to them acquiring some edifying positions if I feel scared about person. Third, watching movies and the other mass media, I want to obtain positive support that the non good looking people are non ever the bad people. 4.3 Learning self-denial and alleviating the negative emotion accomplishments Mentioning to the work of Hayes and Gelso, they put frontward five effectual factors of countertransference direction. First is the self-integration, which is important in placing with clients and set the necessary boundaries. Second is the anxiousness direction. The trait of anxiousness is really typical in countertransference relationship between societal worker and client. Third is the conceptualizing accomplishment. It is a cognitive procedure for the societal workers to get the hang. Fourth is the empathy, by seting to client s feelings, the more likeliness of societal worker will run into the client s demand. The fifth is the self-insight. This point is rather similar with the self-reflection ( 1991 ) .Through these five managing factors, societal workers can make some self-training to command their negative emotions for the interest of turning away to impede the therapy. 5 Decisions Actually, I think it is the merely the beginning of self-reflection. In the hereafter, there will be more quandary for me to undertake and some clients might remind me of the other negative emotions or unpleasant memories, therefore, I need to maintain the wont of contemplating and introspecting as an imperative portion of my day-to-day life. Merely in this manner can I be reasonable and acute to the emotional alterations of my ego. What we think will direct our behaviours. No affair what I will acquire through in the hereafter, I will seek my uttermost to hone myself in order to function people with the consistent enthusiasm and eternal attempts.

Brand Extension Essay Example for Free

Brand Extension Essay Brand extension is a marketing strategy according to which a company marketing a product or a service launches a new offering (product or service) that is related to the one of the existing brands of the company, but offers different benefits and/or targets a different segment. Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage upon their brand equity. When a firm is introducing a new product, it has the following 3 choices on branding: 1. Developing a new brand for the new product 2. Using the existing brand for the new product 3. Combining the new brand and the existing brand The use of 2nd and 3rd strategy is referred to as brand extension. Brands may be classified as one of the following: Parent Brand: If an existing brand gives birth to a brand extension, it is referred to as parent brand. Sub Brand: When a new brand is combined with an existing brand, it is called as sub brand. Family Brand: If a parent brand has links with multiple brands through brand extensions then it is called as family brand. There are a large number of ways in which brand extension can be accomplished. One of the vital differences is if the extension is in the same or different category of the product. Thus they can be classified as: vertical or horizontal extensions. Vertical extensions refer to the introduction of a related brand in the same product category but having a different price and quality balance. Vertical extensions offer the firm a quickest way to leverage upon the core product’s equity. As an extension strategy, vertical extension is widely practiced in many industries. For example, within automobile industry, the various brand models attempt to offer different price-quality bundles to attract various market segments. Often a product is extended in an attempt to just gain more of the market share. New product introductions using vertical extensions can extend in 2 directions, upscale and downscale vertical extensions. The vertical brand extension is that type of new product introduction that seems to be carrying less risk and seemingly having more appeal to management. The new product which is being introduced is in the same category as the parent product; aims at a same market segment as the parent, and may or may not enjoy the same acceptance as the parent. Upscale extensions involve a new product introduction by the firm with higher price & quality characteristics than the original product. It involves a new product introduction with lower price & quality characteristics than the original. Downscale vertical extensions may target sampling to a new segment, and bring some gain in market share. Generally, horizontal brand extensions either use or extend an existing product’s name to a new product in the same product category or to a product category new to the organization. There are 2 types of horizontal extensions which differ in terms of their focus area. They are termed as line extensions and category extensions. All the customers differ in terms of their usage needs. The brand has to fill the market with variety of products as per the needs of the segments. If a parent brand is used to brand a new product that targets a new segment in the market within the same product category that was previously served by the parent brand, it is called as line extension. Line extension leads to the addition of a new and distinct flavour or ingredient to the category. It sometimes might also lead to a new application for the brand or an introduction of a different form or size. For example, Bisleri is the pioneering brand in category of mineral water. Originally, Bisleri started off with 1 ltr bottle. But recently, the brand has launched bottles of different sizes and quantities. Brand Extension. (2016, Dec 08).

The Heart of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Heart of Darkness - Essay Example As he travelled from the Outer Station to the Central Station and then up the river to the Inner Station, he saw torture, cruelty, and near-slavery. The men who work for the Company, saying that what they were doing as â€Å"trade,† and their behavior towards native Africans as part of the civilizing process, were making those "ignorant African people" stop their horrid, barbaric ways. Kurtz is the symbol of European imperialism in the story. His vicious honesty led him to his end, as the evil practices of Europeans in Africa were in danger of exposure through his accomplishment. He is did not hide the fact that he took ivory by force and treated the natives with violence and intimidation. He represented imperialism in its entirety in Africa. Kurtz’s greed for ivory represented Europe’s desire for the whole world. This greed made him the animal that Marlow found. Kurtz is imperialism and his life in the Congo represented imperialism and the eventual destruction E uropean imperialism itself. On page 14 of Part 3, Conrad described Kurt as the imperialist he had been. â€Å"I thought his memory was like the other memories of the dead that accumulate in every man’s life—a vague impress on the brain of shadows that had fallen on it in their swift and final passage; but before the high and ponderous door, between the tall houses of a street as still and decorous as a well-kept alley in a cemetery, I had a vision of him on the stretcher, opening his mouth voraciously, as if to devour all the earth with all its mankind. He lived then before me; he lived as much as he had ever lived—a shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities; a shadow darker than the shadow of the night, and draped nobly in the folds of a gorgeous eloquence†. The vision of Kurt in the stretcher opening his mouth voraciously as if to devour all the earth and all its mankind signified the torture, cruelty, intimidation, violence and insatiable greed that come with the process of â€Å"civilizing† the natives by imperialists, the ultimate goal of having the world in their hands. In this sense, Kurtz's personality was a symbol of the imperial goal of Europe. There is a striking similarity between the history book King Leopold's Ghost, by Adam Hochschild and Conrad’s the Heart of Darkness. It seems that Leon Rom of the Force Republique was the equivalent of Kurtz character. The collection of African heads surrounding Kurtz's house, and Rom’s collections, represent the villainy of both characters. Adam Hochschild, in his book said the following: The 'Inner Station' of Heart of Darkness, the place Marlow looks at through his binoculars only to find Kurtz's collection of the shrunken heads of African 'rebels,' is loosely based on Stanley Falls. In 1895, five years after Conrad visited this post, Leon Rom was station chief there. A British explorer-journalist who passed through Stanley Falls that year described the aftermath of a punitive military expedition against some African rebels: 'Many women and children were taken, and twenty-one heads were brought to the falls, and have been used by Captain Rom as a decoration round a flower-bed in front of his house! If Conrad missed this account, which appeared in the widely read Century Magazine, he almost certainly noticed when The Saturday Review, a magazine he admired and read faithfully,

Puritan tiger beetle controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Puritan tiger beetle controversy - Essay Example upy beach regions, has been classified as endangered species because of reduced population level of the insects as a result of development along the beaches. Therefore, legislations have been passed in order to promote preservation of Puritan Tiger Beetle in their ecosystems, something that has not been received positively by people with economic interests along the beaches. This essay will discuss the controversy surrounding the preservation of Puritan Tiger Beetle and further explain actions that should be taken to effectively preserve the insects. To start with, the Puritan Tiger Beetles are insects with unique characteristics associated with the name of the insect. According to the Wildscreen Arkive, Puritan Tiger Beetles, whose scientific name is Cicindela puritan, are insects that prey on invertebrate organisms found along the beaches their long legs, tactics that can be associated to those used by tigers to capture their prey (n.d). The insects have brown- like color on their outermost covering and a blue-like color on their lower side (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013). In addition, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service states that the length of Puritan Tiger Beetles is estimated to be less than half-inch (2013). Of more concern, the distribution of Puritan Tiger Beetles is limited to only two regions namely â€Å"Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and along the Connecticut River in New England† (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013). This signifies the extent to which the distribution of Puritan Tiger Beetle species is limited. Secondly, the Puritan Tiger Beetles represent one of the most endangered species existing on earth to date. Entomologists from different parts of the world have demonstrated that insects are capable of inhabiting ecosystems that are distributed in different parts of the world. However, this has not been the case for the Puritan Tiger Beetles that inhabit small ecosystems found in the U.S. According to Wheeler, Maryland remains to be the

Lab report Essay Example for Free

Lab report Essay Osmosis is a process that occurs at a cellular level that entails the spontaneous net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration in order to equalize the level of water in each region. Involved in this process are hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions. A hypotonic solution is one with a lower osmotic pressure, indicating that the net movement of water moves into the said solution whereas a hypertonic solution is one with a higher osmotic pressure, thus the net movement of water will be leaving the hypertonic solution. Lastly, an isotonic solution entails no net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane as the two substances involved display osmotic equilibrium. AIM To observe the effect of solutions different levels of NaCl concentration on potatoes, considering the process of osmosis METHOD (see ‘Potato Osmosis’ – exercise document) Generally rigid in structure although slightly bendy Pale yellow in colour Moist All strips appear the same/similar in structure and size at this point Observations – Post-Extraction Strips immersed in 1. 0M NaCl Solution are very soggy, soft and appear shrunken Strips immersed in 100% H2O are very rigid, swollen, turgid and appear larger/longer they are slightly bent and cannot be straightened due to their rigidity Strips become progressively soggier as the solutions they are immersed in are higher in concentration of NaCl (Fig. 2) Potato strips from the same potato arranged in  descending order of concentration to demonstrate the differences in structure post-extraction. Thus, we can state that there appears to be a negative correlation between NaCl concentration and the mass and length of the potato strips, clearly evident in the above graph which shows an exponential decrease in both mass and length. This can also be initially seen in the post-extraction observations  where it is evident that the potato strips immersed in lower NaCl concentration were far more turgid than those immersed in 100% NaCl solution which were flacid and fragile (see strip-comparison in Fig. 2). This occurrence can be explained through the process of osmosis. As mentioned in the introduction, a hypertonic solution is one with higher osmotic pressure meaning that the net movement of water leaves the solution. This would explain the physical changes – the increase in mass and length as well as the increase in turgidity in the potato strips immersed in 100% H2O solutions or low NaCl-concentration solutions. Since the solution it is submerged in is higher in concentration in water molecules, or hypertonic, the water molecules will diffuse into the area of lower H2O-concentration (the potato strip) in order to achieve equilibrium. Alternatively, the decrease in mass and length in the potato strips submerged in highly concentrated NaCl solutions can be explained by its immersion in a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic solutions, as mentioned Potato Osmosis Biology SL ATh before, are described as those with lower osmotic pressure, indicating that the net movement of water moves into the solution. Therefore, as NaCl solution is less concentrated in H2O molecules than the potato strips, the decrease in mass and length and loss of turgidity results from the net movement of water leaving the potato strips, which is higher in osmotic pressure, and diffusing into the solution. Nevertheless, there are several possible sources of error that could have greatly or negligibly affected the outcome of the experiment. First, we must note the varying external factors resulting from an uncontrolled environment – the biology classroom. Primarily, these would include varying temperatures and humidity which could potentially affect the rate of osmosis as increased temperature results in increased diffusion while increased humidity results in an increased number of water molecules. Secondly, we must note the human errors involved, for example, miscalculations in experimental preparations. These would include the miscalculation of solutions leading to an inaccurate concentration of NaCl as well as the possibility of impurities in the NaCl concoction in the first place while imprecise cutting of the potato strips could’ve affected the surface area and thus the rate of osmosis. This leads us to the errors resulting from variances in the substances used. As already discussed previously, differences in surface area of each potato strip caused by imprecise cutting as well as the marks (lines and notches) imprinted would’ve affected the rate of osmosis while the concentration gradient between each potato strip is likely to differ as well. This stems from the differences in water content of each potato, as, for example, a potato with high water concentration in highly concentrated NaCl solution would have a faster rate of erosion. Further affecting factors could include barriers to diffusion such as the size of pores which would also determine the rate of osmosis. All the mentioned errors above hold the possibility of skewing the data. Subsequently, such errors could have an effect on the reliability of the results. The level of accuracy which has been used throughout this investigation would come into question as a combination of these errors would not permit such precision. Values of percentage change have been taken at two decimal places corresponding with the actual values of mass and length, however, this could be seen as far too precise. A better option would have been to take percentage change as whole numbers or at one decimal place. Nevertheless, we attempted to reduce the potential errors through several measures. With surface area, a cork borer was used in order to uniform the size of the potato strips while the varying concentration gradients were controlled through the completion of several trials (three trials with three potatoes) in order to limit error. Furthermore, to control the effects of the external environment, foil was secured over the beaker containing the submerged potato strips. However, if we refer to the graph, we can see the minimum and maximum spread for each data-point is generally close-set while the R2 value, which calculates the spread of the datapoints from the line of best fit, are both relatively high – both around 0. 9. This demonstrable trend indicates a limiting of the amount of error, and thus fairly reliable results despite possible errors. Overall, the results  ultimately seem reliable although it might’ve been even more reliable by reducing the level of precision (decimal places) when recording it. Ultimately, potential improvements will stem from attempting to reduce the amount of error in this investigation, particularly involving controlling the external environment and the miscalculations. To control the external affecting factors, the solution containing the potato strips can be kept overnight instead in a controlled environment with consistent temperatures and humidity. Limiting the human error would be difficult and time-consuming as this would involve Potato Osmosis Biology SL ATh highly-precise instruments or even more focus dedication from the experimenter during preparation. Finally, nothing can be done to uniform the response of the materials used, thus the completion of even more trials limits the potential error and allows the formation of generalizations. Despite the improvements proposed, those relating to limiting human error and completing more trials may prove to be futile as they are not only time-consuming, but the demonstrable trends resulting from this experiment indicate that no further improvements are necessary to reach the desired conclusion. Having established that there is no real need to pursue drastic improvements for the initial experiment, we can now proceed to discuss possible extensions to the investigation. While we already know the results of osmosis on a potato, we may now wish to better understand it. This can be done by recording the progress of the potato’s transformation either (a) over a period of time (perhaps 24 hours) or (b) until it has reached the point of equilibrium. The mapping of this progress would involve the periodic removal of the samples in order to measure its mass and length, after which it can be compiled into a graph to chart the transformation under osmosis. Alternatively, we could compare the progress of a potato to another type of vegetable or fruit in order to ascertain water content of each. Lastly, the submerged potato strips may be subjected to different kinds of environment, particularly, varying humidity and temperature, without the protection of a foil cap. This would reveal how much of an impact environmental factors would have on the osmotic process and how would the effects manifest. In relation to the question of the sailor, this could represent the life-span one would expect when trapped in certain climates.

Inflation and Its Effects on Investment Essay -- Finance Financial Eco

Inflation and Its Effects on Investment For world economic markets, inflation is a fairly new experience as for much of the pre-twentieth century there had been little upward pressure on prices due to gold and other metallic standards. These backed currencies limited governments’ abilities to create new money. So at the end of the gold standard strong political pressures often caused governments to issue more money increasing the money supply and therefor the price level. Inflation reflects a situation where the demand for goods and services exceeds their supply in the economy(Hall, 1982). Its causes could be triggered by the private sector and the government spending more than their revenues, or by shortfalls in output. Price increases could also be triggered by increases in costs of production. For instance increases in prices of imported raw materials will cause inflation if not managed. Whatever the initial cause, inflation will not persist unless accompanied by sustained increase in money supply. In this sense, inflation is a monetary phenomenon. But what effect does inflation have on the economy and on investment in particular? Inflation causes many distortions in the economy. It hurts people who are retired and living on a fixed income. When prices rise these consumers cannot buy as much as they could previously. This discourages savings due to the fact that the money is worth more presently than in the future. This expectation reduces economic growth because the economy needs a certain level of savings to finance investments which boosts economic growth. Also, inflation makes it harder for businesses to plan for the future. It is very difficult to decide how much to produce, because businesses can... ...hem to make financial decisions. If people cannot trust money then they are less likely to engage in business relationships. This results in lower investment, production and less socially positive interactions. Among other effects, people may start to attempt to trade by other, less efficient, means in order to avoid the unpredictable price levels due to inflation. Bibliography Blume, Marshall. Inflation and Capital Markets. Ballinger, Cambridge, 1978. Hall, Robert ed. Inflation, Causes and Effects. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982. Hellerstein, Rebecca. â€Å"The Impact of Inflation,† Regional Review, Winter 1997, Vol. 7, No. 1. Massimo, Caruso. â€Å"Investment and the Persistence of Price Uncertainty,† Research in economics, Vol. 55, June 2001. Morley, Samuel. The economics of Inflation. Dryden Press, Hinsdale, Ill., 1971.

Preparation Sheets Essay

1.Notwithstanding challenging business conditions in China, do you think Australian business needs to exit Europe and America and focus on Asia? Justify your answer. As seen in the previous few years the Asian market has boom in the world economy. China emerges centre stage and it’s the economy is closely intertwined with the world at large. It is the world’s largest consumer marketplace. The averaged over 10% economic growth while the global financial crisis is going by preceding years; China gains the superpower economy status in the world. While the subsequent economic downfall and problems in the European and the American zone; The Asian and Pacific Rim economies are still continue to grow and soon expected to be larger than those of the European Union. The growing prominence of the firms like Honda, Toyota and Sony of Japan and the Samsung and Hyundai of South Korea are few of the companies which boost the Asian market in the world. Hence in spite of challenging market conditions in china, I think Australians business needs to enter the Chinese market rather than focusing on EU and America. 2.How would you set about building relationships with Chinese counterparts in order to establish a business operation there? The two keys to success are the relationship building, networking and dealing with the ethical, trustworthy people. By setting up business operations in many well placed regions so as to take advantage of inter-regional trade across the countries and with Australia. The other aspect is by joint venture or co- ownership in the business helps to understand the business culture, market strategies, and the mentality of the local investors and the consumer needs. 3.Would it be better to invest in other Asian countries like India (with just as big a population)? It’s anytime better to invest in the nations with larger consumer market (like India). In past few years Indian market is growing fast and making its place in the world’s economy. India imports on a large scale and the Indian market is wide open for the foreign companies; in last few years with numbers of foreign brands coming in like In cars Mercedes to Ferrari, in IT IBM to Microsoft, in electronic Samsung to Apple and with the food chains like KFC to McDonalds. It is the biggest market for the foreign investors currently. So it’s the perfect time for the foreign investors to enter the Indian market. As unlike china, the India global business language is English which makes lot of difference to foreign investors to strategies and communicate straightforwardly with the local investors whereas the business policies are also familiar with the foreign markets. 4.What are the best investment strategies for Australian companies in China given the above case? According to the case study, the best investment strategies included are setting up the business in well placed regions so as to take advantage of inter-regional trade across the country. Developing projects in the remote areas; and setting up business in joint venture or with co- ownership is always successful to establish itself in the new territory.

Civil War Essay

A nation in four decades had been multiplied several times its territory, purchase of Louisiana to France, Florida to Spain, the annexation of Texas and the subsequent war with Mexico (1846-1848) ambient. The political states of north and south had been mounded by the interest of the second in their plantations and the conservation of slavery, while the firs inclined towards trade; shipping and financial interests on one side were the debtor farmers, and other creditors’ capitalists. After independence, the first were represented by Democrat Thomas Jefferson and the last by the Federalists under Alexander Hamilton. The congress in Philadelphia in 1787 was the problems faced by the new state, debt, inter-state trade conflicts, war with Mexico, who snatched the Aztec country half of its territory, got to the United States, territories of California and New Mexico social. The civil war was in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as â€Å"the Confederacy. † Led by Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states (where slavery had been abolished) and by five slave states that became known as the border states. The fireman in Bradbury’s world began their version of the fireman job â€Å"around about a thing called the civil war† (54). Captain Beatty, the main antagonist of Fahrenheit 451, and captain of the fire brigade that Guy Montag works for, reasons that the decline of people’s interest in books came about because of photographs which came about during the civil war. the allusion is to the American war of secession from 1861-1865, which is the only civil war of American history. In it, the Northern States were able to defeat the South and to proclaim the abolition of slavery in 1863;

Understanding Chargebacks

Understanding Chargebacks We are all FFW readers for one reason: to make our writing career profitable. We seek answers to the big picture dilemmas. How much should I charge for my writing services? Where can I get good writing leads? Am I financially ready to scrap my day job? Unfortunately, many small details get lost among the bigger issues. One of those details is chargebacks. Understanding Chargebacks As a serious writer, you can learn about the chargeback process here. A general overview is this: a chargeback is a credit card refund initiated Chargebacks were originally created for consumer protection. For example, if a hacker stole your credit card and bought a million pairs of shoes, you aren’t responsible for the bill. However, this consumer protection has evolved into a form of fraud. Many people want something for free- and they use a chargeback to get it. How Chargebacks Affect Writers As a writer, your business model is different than a traditional merchant. However, if you process credit card payments, you are technically a merchant, and as vulnerable as any other business owner. Nearly all merchant processors, including PayPal, Square and similar companies, assess chargeback fees from $20 to $75 each. So if a client hits you with a chargeback in attempt to get your work for free, youve lost the expected money from the gig, fees were charged, and you sacrificed your writing. Bummer. Tips for Preventing Chargebacks First, try to deter fraudulent transactions from happening. 1) Only work for reputable clients. Do your research before agreeing to the deal. See if anyone has posted a scam report online. Review the clients website. Call the company and do a mini phone interview. Or, if the client has an office, drop 2) Have important conversations via email. To fight a chargeback, you need written documentation. Email is a great way to prove your case. 3) Draft an air-tight contract, sign it and make sure both parties have a copy. Next, provide outstanding customer service to prevent a client from claiming the quality of work wasn’t as expected. 1) Don’t accept more work than you can handle. 2) Promptly acknowledge all emails and phone calls. 3) Adhere to deadlines, or at least keep the client abreast of changes. 4) Provide a detailed invoice with the completed assignment. Fighting Chargebacks Fighting chargebacks to get your money back is quite difficult. That’s why prevention is so important. If you dispute a claim, provide written documentation (like your emails and contract). For example, you can use an email conversation to prove the writing was received on time. Also as a writer, you have one very valuable chargeback tool at your disposal that isn’t available to other business owners. The â€Å"products† you sell have copyright protection. Let’s say you wrote an article for an online magazine. The site owner published it, but never paid you. Technically, you own the copyright for that article until you’re paid. If this happens, you can contact the website’s host company and demand a DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) takedown. If the site owner doesn’t pay or remove the violating content, the site can be closed down. Therefore, when you draft your contract, add a line that says copyright transfers to the client upon payment in full. This simple phrase could help prevent the client from filing a chargeback (and will expedite a DMCA takedown, if needed). Implementing chargeback prevention strategies now can prevent you losing a lot of money down the road.

Endogenous Growth Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Endogenous Growth Theory - Essay Example The paper focuses on endogenous growth and utilises two major approaches to deal with the issue. These are namely the convergence controversy approach and the state of market competition (Romer). Romer’s contention is to fill out gaps in existing endogenous theory to make it more accountable for growth patterns in developing and developed countries. Historically the neo-classical model has attributed economic growth to technology. Another basic assumption is that technology is freely available to all countries in the world since a perfect competition market exists (Rebelo). Romer uses the Cobb-Douglas production and cross-country regression models in order to highlight that endogenous factors can better explain such growth than exogenous models. He attributes growth to investments in human capital, innovation and knowledge whose spill over effects tend to augment the economy as a whole . The Philippines has been compared to the United States in order to bring out the savings rates that would be required by both nations to possess an equal level of economic growth. Romer argues that if the Philippines and the United States possessed the same level of technology, then their differing growth rates could be attributed to differences in labour productivity alone. It has been estimated that the share of investment in the United States is at least twice as large as it would have to be in the Philippines for a similar rate of growth. The lack of convergence between the growth rates for poorer countries and the more rich countries tends to indicate that the differences may be attributed to more than just technology. The rate of and amount of investment tends to differ between the North and the South. Using the neo-classical model, it would be hard to explain why the model attributes low investment in the North while that is not the case. The Summer-Heston model has been used in this regard to look into investments into human resources and capital to bring out the differences (Barro and Sala-i-Martin). Romer concludes this section by delineating that the only difference between developing and developed nations may not just be the availability of data that is blamed by neo-classical economists for a loosely fitting model. In the second section, Romer argues that aggregate level models had been missing in order to exp lain growth throughout the fifties, sixties and the seventies. He also expounds that certain assumptions have always been assumed as such but have not been explored to see their effects on growth models. It is generally assumed that there are many firms in an economy but it may be that these are concentrated to favour a monopolistic market structure. Scientific discoveries are not accessible to all entities operating in an economy since information is required to turn the scientific discovery into useful output. The shortage of information from one national economy to another (such as through trade secretes) signifies that scientific discoveries are not available to all and sundry. Another issue is the replication of physical activities which is not possible since all involved factors cannot be scaled up similarly all the time to receive an equally scaled up output. Technological developments are taken as having derived from factors external to the control of individuals. However, t he application of human resources and attention is typically how technological progress is derived. Hence, assuming that technological progress is an exogenous factor is highly misleading (Sachs and Warner). Additionally, economic entities with the power to create new information and knowledge often possess the power to manipulate the information and knowledge into monopolistic systems. This would indicate that the owner of the information a

What is origin of christianity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is origin of christianity - Case Study Example In order to do that, it is important to know what Christianity is. And in order to discover the essence of Christianity, one must first understand its history. This study hopes to discover the origins of Christianity. Its higher goal is to show Christians today what they have in common. Through a review of the history of Christianity, people from various religious denominations to discover the legacy of Christ and understand that this image of Christ is the representation of what we are striving for as species. This study will look at published articles and books detailing the history of Christianity – from its founding to its breakup roughly 500 years ago. It looks at the reformation and the rise of Protestantism in order to appreciate the characteristics of the new Catholic Church and the Anglican. Some materials which will be used for this study includes books and peer-reviewed articles that answers the questions above. Biblical quotes will also be used and compared with historical events so as to provide context and to answer the abovementioned